Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science
Minnesota
This guide shows how KnowAtom’s K-8 integrated model of NGSS-designed curriculum is aligned with Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science.

Phenomena Based Lessons Aligned to Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science

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Science Lesson State Standards State ID Grades Performance Expectation
The Rock Cycle MN Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science 6E.1.1.1.2 [{id=111674358587, createdAt=1681899844234, updatedAt=1681899846599, 1='{type=string, value=7}'}] 7 Ask questions to examine an interpretation about the relative ages of different rock layers within a sequence of several rock layers. 
Climate Analysis MN Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science 6E.1.1.1.3 [{id=111674358587, createdAt=1681899844234, updatedAt=1681899846599, 1='{type=string, value=7}'}] 7 Ask questions to clarify evidence of the factors that have caused the rise in global temperatures over the past century. 
Fossils and Tectonic Plate Motion MN Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science 6E.2.1.1.2 [{id=111674358587, createdAt=1681899844234, updatedAt=1681899846599, 1='{type=string, value=7}'}] 7 Analyze and interpret data on the distribution of fossils, rocks, continental shapes, and seafloor structures to provide evidence of past plate motions. 
Engineering Water Filtration Devices MN Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science 6E.2.1.1.3 [{id=111674358587, createdAt=1681899844234, updatedAt=1681899846599, 1='{type=string, value=7}'}] 7

Analyze and interpret data on natural hazards to forecast future catastrophic events and inform the development of technologies to mitigate their effects.

Groundwater Flow MN Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science 6E.3.1.1.2 [{id=111674358587, createdAt=1681899844234, updatedAt=1681899846599, 1='{type=string, value=7}'}] 7

Develop a model, based on observational evidence, to describe the cycling and movement of Earth’s rock material and the energy that drives these processes. 

The Rock Cycle MN Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science 6E.3.1.1.2 [{id=111674358587, createdAt=1681899844234, updatedAt=1681899846599, 1='{type=string, value=7}'}] 7 Develop a model, based on observational evidence, to describe the cycling and movement of Earth’s rock material and the energy that drives these processes. 
Natural Resources MN Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science 6E.3.1.1.2 [{id=111674358587, createdAt=1681899844234, updatedAt=1681899846599, 1='{type=string, value=7}'}] 7 Develop a model, based on observational evidence, to describe the cycling and movement of Earth’s rock material and the energy that drives these processes. 
Fossils and Tectonic Plate Motion MN Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science 6E.3.1.1.2 [{id=111674358587, createdAt=1681899844234, updatedAt=1681899846599, 1='{type=string, value=7}'}] 7 Develop a model, based on observational evidence, to describe the cycling and movement of Earth’s rock material and the energy that drives these processes. 
Groundwater Flow MN Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science 6E.3.1.1.3 [{id=111674358587, createdAt=1681899844234, updatedAt=1681899846599, 1='{type=string, value=7}'}] 7

Develop a model, based on observational and experimental evidence, to describe the cycling of water through Earth’s systems driven by energy from the Sun and the force of gravity. 

Groundwater Contamination MN Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science 6E.3.1.1.3 [{id=111674358587, createdAt=1681899844234, updatedAt=1681899846599, 1='{type=string, value=7}'}] 7

Develop a model, based on observational and experimental evidence, to describe the cycling of water through Earth’s systems driven by energy from the Sun and the force of gravity. 

Climate Analysis MN Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science 6E.3.1.1.3 [{id=111674358587, createdAt=1681899844234, updatedAt=1681899846599, 1='{type=string, value=7}'}] 7 Develop a model, based on observational and experimental evidence, to describe the cycling of water through Earth’s systems driven by energy from the Sun and the force of gravity. 
Glacier Motion MN Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science 6E.3.1.1.3 [{id=111674358587, createdAt=1681899844234, updatedAt=1681899846599, 1='{type=string, value=7}'}] 7 Develop a model, based on observational and experimental evidence, to describe the cycling of water through Earth’s systems driven by energy from the Sun and the force of gravity. 
Engineering Water Filtration Devices MN Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science 6E.3.1.1.3 [{id=111674358587, createdAt=1681899844234, updatedAt=1681899846599, 1='{type=string, value=7}'}] 7

Develop a model, based on observational and experimental evidence, to describe the cycling of water through Earth’s systems driven by energy from the Sun and the force of gravity. 

The Rock Cycle MN Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science 6E.3.2.1.1 [{id=111674358587, createdAt=1681899844234, updatedAt=1681899846599, 1='{type=string, value=7}'}] 7 Construct a scientific explanation based on evidence from rock strata for how the geologic time scale is used to organize Earth’s 4.6-billion-year-old history.
Fossils and Tectonic Plate Motion MN Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science 6E.3.2.1.1 [{id=111674358587, createdAt=1681899844234, updatedAt=1681899846599, 1='{type=string, value=7}'}] 7 Construct a scientific explanation based on evidence from rock strata for how the geologic time scale is used to organize Earth’s 4.6-billion-year-old history.
Mass and Heat Transfer MN Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science 6E.3.2.1.2 [{id=111674358587, createdAt=1681899844234, updatedAt=1681899846599, 1='{type=string, value=7}'}] 7 Construct a scientific explanation based on evidence for how the uneven distribution of Earth’s mineral, energy, or groundwater resources is the result of past geological processes.
Groundwater Flow MN Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science 6E.3.2.1.2 [{id=111674358587, createdAt=1681899844234, updatedAt=1681899846599, 1='{type=string, value=7}'}] 7

Construct a scientific explanation based on evidence for how the uneven distribution of Earth’s mineral, energy, or groundwater resources is the result of past geological processes.

Groundwater Contamination MN Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science 6E.4.1.1.1 [{id=111674358587, createdAt=1681899844234, updatedAt=1681899846599, 1='{type=string, value=7}'}] 7

Construct an argument, supported by evidence, for how geoscience processes have changed Earth’s surface at varying time and spatial scales.

Fossils and Tectonic Plate Motion MN Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science 6E.4.1.1.1 [{id=111674358587, createdAt=1681899844234, updatedAt=1681899846599, 1='{type=string, value=7}'}] 7 Construct an argument, supported by evidence, for how geoscience processes have changed Earth’s surface at varying time and spatial scales.
Mitosis in Animal and Plant Cells MN Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science 7L.1.1.1.1 [{id=111674358587, createdAt=1681899844234, updatedAt=1681899846599, 1='{type=string, value=7}'}] 7

Ask questions about the processes and outcomes of various methods of communication between cells of multicellular organisms.

Reproduction MN Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science 7L.1.1.1.2 [{id=111674358587, createdAt=1681899844234, updatedAt=1681899846599, 1='{type=string, value=7}'}] 7

Ask questions that arise from careful observations of phenomena or models to clarify and/or seek additional information about how changes in genes can affect organisms.

Chromosomes and Mutations MN Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science 7L.1.1.1.2 [{id=111674358587, createdAt=1681899844234, updatedAt=1681899846599, 1='{type=string, value=7}'}] 7

Ask questions that arise from careful observations of phenomena or models to clarify and/or seek additional information about how changes in genes can affect organisms.

Mitosis in Animal and Plant Cells MN Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science 7L.1.1.1.2 [{id=111674358587, createdAt=1681899844234, updatedAt=1681899846599, 1='{type=string, value=7}'}] 7

Ask questions that arise from careful observations of phenomena or models to clarify and/or seek additional information about how changes in genes can affect organisms.

The Cell Membrane MN Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science 7L.1.2.1.1 [{id=111674358587, createdAt=1681899844234, updatedAt=1681899846599, 1='{type=string, value=7}'}] 7

Conduct an investigation to provide evidence that living things are made of cells, either one cell or many different numbers and types of cells.

Living Things: Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes MN Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science 7L.1.2.1.1 [{id=111674358587, createdAt=1681899844234, updatedAt=1681899846599, 1='{type=string, value=7}'}] 7

Conduct an investigation to provide evidence that living things are made of cells, either one cell or many different numbers and types of cells.

Chromosomes and Mutations MN Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science 7L.1.2.1.1 [{id=111674358587, createdAt=1681899844234, updatedAt=1681899846599, 1='{type=string, value=7}'}] 7

Conduct an investigation to provide evidence that living things are made of cells, either one cell or many different numbers and types of cells.

Animal and Plant Cell Structure and Function MN Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science 7L.1.2.1.1 [{id=111674358587, createdAt=1681899844234, updatedAt=1681899846599, 1='{type=string, value=7}'}] 7

Conduct an investigation to provide evidence that living things are made of cells, either one cell or many different numbers and types of cells.

Mitosis in Animal and Plant Cells MN Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science 7L.1.2.1.1 [{id=111674358587, createdAt=1681899844234, updatedAt=1681899846599, 1='{type=string, value=7}'}] 7

Conduct an investigation to provide evidence that living things are made of cells, either one cell or many different numbers and types of cells.

Fossils and Tectonic Plate Motion MN Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science 7L.2.1.1.2 [{id=111674358587, createdAt=1681899844234, updatedAt=1681899846599, 1='{type=string, value=7}'}] 7 Analyze and interpret data for patterns in the fossil record that document the existence, diversity, extinction, and change of life forms throughout the history of life on Earth. 
Food and Energy MN Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science 7L.3.1.1.1 [{id=111674358587, createdAt=1681899844234, updatedAt=1681899846599, 1='{type=string, value=7}'}] 7

Develop and use a model to describe the function of a cell as a whole and describe the way cell parts contribute to the cell’s function. 

Chromosomes and Mutations MN Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science 7L.3.1.1.1 [{id=111674358587, createdAt=1681899844234, updatedAt=1681899846599, 1='{type=string, value=7}'}] 7

Develop and use a model to describe the function of a cell as a whole and describe the way cell parts contribute to the cell’s function. 

Living Things: Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes MN Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science 7L.3.1.1.1 [{id=111674358587, createdAt=1681899844234, updatedAt=1681899846599, 1='{type=string, value=7}'}] 7

Develop and use a model to describe the function of a cell as a whole and describe the way cell parts contribute to the cell’s function. 

Animal and Plant Cell Structure and Function MN Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science 7L.3.1.1.1 [{id=111674358587, createdAt=1681899844234, updatedAt=1681899846599, 1='{type=string, value=7}'}] 7

Develop and use a model to describe the function of a cell as a whole and describe the way cell parts contribute to the cell’s function. 

The Cell Membrane MN Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science 7L.3.1.1.1 [{id=111674358587, createdAt=1681899844234, updatedAt=1681899846599, 1='{type=string, value=7}'}] 7

Develop and use a model to describe the function of a cell as a whole and describe the way cell parts contribute to the cell’s function. 

Food and Energy MN Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science 7L.3.1.1.2 [{id=111674358587, createdAt=1681899844234, updatedAt=1681899846599, 1='{type=string, value=7}'}] 7

Develop and use a model to describe how food is rearranged through chemical reactions forming new molecules that support growth and/or release energy as this matter moves through an organism.

Rocky Shore Ecosystems MN Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science 7L.3.1.1.3 [{id=111674358587, createdAt=1681899844234, updatedAt=1681899846599, 1='{type=string, value=7}'}] 7

Develop and use a model to describe the cycling of matter and flow of energy among living and nonliving parts of an ecosystem. 

Intertidal Zone Temperature Change MN Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science 7L.3.1.1.3 [{id=111674358587, createdAt=1681899844234, updatedAt=1681899846599, 1='{type=string, value=7}'}] 7

Develop and use a model to describe the cycling of matter and flow of energy among living and nonliving parts of an ecosystem. 

Reproduction MN Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science 7L.3.1.1.4 [{id=111674358587, createdAt=1681899844234, updatedAt=1681899846599, 1='{type=string, value=7}'}] 7

Develop and use a model to describe why asexual reproduction results in offspring with identical genetic information and sexual reproduction results in offspring with genetic variation. 

Animal and Plant Cell Structure and Function MN Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science 7L.3.2.1.2 [{id=111674358587, createdAt=1681899844234, updatedAt=1681899846599, 1='{type=string, value=7}'}] 7

Construct an explanation based on evidence for the role of photosynthesis in the cycling of matter and flow of energy into and out of organisms. 

Rocky Shore Ecosystems MN Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science 7L.3.2.1.2 [{id=111674358587, createdAt=1681899844234, updatedAt=1681899846599, 1='{type=string, value=7}'}] 7

Construct an explanation based on evidence for the role of photosynthesis in the cycling of matter and flow of energy into and out of organisms. 

Food and Energy MN Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science 7L.3.2.1.2 [{id=111674358587, createdAt=1681899844234, updatedAt=1681899846599, 1='{type=string, value=7}'}] 7

Construct an explanation based on evidence for the role of photosynthesis in the cycling of matter and flow of energy into and out of organisms. 

Sea Star Structures MN Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science 7L.4.1.1.2 [{id=111674358587, createdAt=1681899844234, updatedAt=1681899846599, 1='{type=string, value=7}'}] 7

Support or refute an explanation by arguing from evidence and scientific reasoning for how animal behavior and plant structures affect the probability of successful reproduction. 

Intertidal Zone Temperature Change MN Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science 7L.4.1.1.2 [{id=111674358587, createdAt=1681899844234, updatedAt=1681899846599, 1='{type=string, value=7}'}] 7

Support or refute an explanation by arguing from evidence and scientific reasoning for how animal behavior and plant structures affect the probability of successful reproduction. 

Reproduction MN Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science 7L.4.1.1.2 [{id=111674358587, createdAt=1681899844234, updatedAt=1681899846599, 1='{type=string, value=7}'}] 7

Support or refute an explanation by arguing from evidence and scientific reasoning for how animal behavior and plant structures affect the probability of successful reproduction. 

Food and Energy MN Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science 7L.4.1.1.2 [{id=111674358587, createdAt=1681899844234, updatedAt=1681899846599, 1='{type=string, value=7}'}] 7

Support or refute an explanation by arguing from evidence and scientific reasoning for how animal behavior and plant structures affect the probability of successful reproduction. 

Rocky Shore Ecosystems MN Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science 7L.4.1.2.1 [{id=111674358587, createdAt=1681899844234, updatedAt=1681899846599, 1='{type=string, value=7}'}] 7

Construct an argument supported by empirical evidence that changes in physical or biological components of an ecosystem affect populations.

Intertidal Zone Temperature Change MN Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science 7L.4.1.2.1 [{id=111674358587, createdAt=1681899844234, updatedAt=1681899846599, 1='{type=string, value=7}'}] 7

Construct an argument supported by empirical evidence that changes in physical or biological components of an ecosystem affect populations.

Engineering Water Filtration Devices MN Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science 7L.4.1.2.2 [{id=111674358587, createdAt=1681899844234, updatedAt=1681899846599, 1='{type=string, value=7}'}] 7

Evaluate competing design solutions for maintaining biodiversity or ecosystem services.

Chemical Reactions MN Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science 8P.1.1.1.1 [{id=111674358587, createdAt=1681899844234, updatedAt=1681899846599, 1='{type=string, value=7}'}] 7

Ask questions about locations of common elements on the periodic table to note patterns in the properties of similarly grouped elements. 

Engineering Speakers MN Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science 8P.1.1.1.2 [{id=111674358587, createdAt=1681899844234, updatedAt=1681899846599, 1='{type=string, value=7}'}] 7

Ask questions about data to determine the factors that affect the strength of electric and magnetic forces. 

Communication Systems MN Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science 8P.1.1.1.2 [{id=111674358587, createdAt=1681899844234, updatedAt=1681899846599, 1='{type=string, value=7}'}] 7

Ask questions about data to determine the factors that affect the strength of electric and magnetic forces. 

Thermal Energy and Particle Motion MN Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science 8P.1.2.1.1 [{id=111674358587, createdAt=1681899844234, updatedAt=1681899846599, 1='{type=string, value=7}'}] 7

Plan and conduct an investigation of changes in pure substances when thermal energy is added or removed and relate those changes to particle motion.

Engineering Chemical Cold Pack Reactions MN Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science 8P.1.2.1.1 [{id=111674358587, createdAt=1681899844234, updatedAt=1681899846599, 1='{type=string, value=7}'}] 7

Plan and conduct an investigation of changes in pure substances when thermal energy is added or removed and relate those changes to particle motion.

Forces and Motion MN Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science 8P.1.2.1.2 [{id=111674358587, createdAt=1681899844234, updatedAt=1681899846599, 1='{type=string, value=7}'}] 7

Plan and conduct an investigation to provide evidence that the change in an object’s motion depends on the sum of the forces on the object and the mass of the object. 

Mass, Speed, and Kinetic Energy MN Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science 8P.1.2.1.2 [{id=111674358587, createdAt=1681899844234, updatedAt=1681899846599, 1='{type=string, value=7}'}] 7

Plan and conduct an investigation to provide evidence that the change in an object’s motion depends on the sum of the forces on the object and the mass of the object.

Engineering Vehicles MN Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science 8P.1.2.1.2 [{id=111674358587, createdAt=1681899844234, updatedAt=1681899846599, 1='{type=string, value=7}'}] 7

Plan and conduct an investigation to provide evidence that the change in an object’s motion depends on the sum of the forces on the object and the mass of the object. 

Communication Systems MN Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science 8P.1.2.1.3 [{id=111674358587, createdAt=1681899844234, updatedAt=1681899846599, 1='{type=string, value=7}'}] 7

Conduct an investigation and evaluate the experimental design to provide evidence that fields exist between objects exerting forces on each other even though the objects are not in contact. 

Engineering Speakers MN Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science 8P.1.2.1.3 [{id=111674358587, createdAt=1681899844234, updatedAt=1681899846599, 1='{type=string, value=7}'}] 7

Conduct an investigation and evaluate the experimental design to provide evidence that fields exist between objects exerting forces on each other even though the objects are not in contact. 

Thermal Energy and Particle Motion MN Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science 8P.1.2.1.4 [{id=111674358587, createdAt=1681899844234, updatedAt=1681899846599, 1='{type=string, value=7}'}] 7

Plan and conduct an investigation to determine how the temperature of a substance is affected by the transfer of energy, the amount of mass, and the type of matter.

Engineering Chemical Cold Pack Reactions MN Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science 8P.1.2.1.4 [{id=111674358587, createdAt=1681899844234, updatedAt=1681899846599, 1='{type=string, value=7}'}] 7

Plan and conduct an investigation to determine how the temperature of a substance is affected by the transfer of energy, the amount of mass, and the type of matter.

Chemical Reactions MN Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science 8P.1.2.1.4 [{id=111674358587, createdAt=1681899844234, updatedAt=1681899846599, 1='{type=string, value=7}'}] 7

Plan and conduct an investigation to determine how the temperature of a substance is affected by the transfer of energy, the amount of mass, and the type of matter.

Mass and Heat Transfer MN Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science 8P.1.2.1.4 [{id=111674358587, createdAt=1681899844234, updatedAt=1681899846599, 1='{type=string, value=7}'}] 7 Plan and conduct an investigation to determine how the temperature of a substance is affected by the transfer of energy, the amount of mass, and the type of matter.
Intertidal Zone Temperature Change MN Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science 8P.1.2.1.4 [{id=111674358587, createdAt=1681899844234, updatedAt=1681899846599, 1='{type=string, value=7}'}] 7

Plan and conduct an investigation to determine how the temperature of a substance is affected by the transfer of energy, the amount of mass, and the type of matter.

Mass and Heat Transfer MN Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science 8P.2.1.1.1 [{id=111674358587, createdAt=1681899844234, updatedAt=1681899846599, 1='{type=string, value=7}'}] 7 Analyze and interpret data on the properties of substances before and after the substances interact to determine if a chemical reaction has occurred.
Chemical Reactions MN Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science 8P.2.1.1.1 [{id=111674358587, createdAt=1681899844234, updatedAt=1681899846599, 1='{type=string, value=7}'}] 7

Analyze and interpret data on the properties of substances before and after the substances interact to determine if a chemical reaction has occurred.

Engineering Chemical Cold Pack Reactions MN Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science 8P.2.1.1.1 [{id=111674358587, createdAt=1681899844234, updatedAt=1681899846599, 1='{type=string, value=7}'}] 7

Analyze and interpret data on the properties of substances before and after the substances interact to determine if a chemical reaction has occurred.

Forces and Motion MN Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science 8P.2.1.1.2 [{id=111674358587, createdAt=1681899844234, updatedAt=1681899846599, 1='{type=string, value=7}'}] 7

Construct and interpret graphical displays of data to describe the relationship of kinetic energy to the mass and speed of an object.

Mass, Speed, and Kinetic Energy MN Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science 8P.2.1.1.2 [{id=111674358587, createdAt=1681899844234, updatedAt=1681899846599, 1='{type=string, value=7}'}] 7

Construct and interpret graphical displays of data to describe the relationship of kinetic energy to the mass and speed of an object.

Engineering Vehicles MN Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science 8P.2.1.1.2 [{id=111674358587, createdAt=1681899844234, updatedAt=1681899846599, 1='{type=string, value=7}'}] 7

Construct and interpret graphical displays of data to describe the relationship of kinetic energy to the mass and speed of an object.

Chemical Reactions MN Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science 8P.3.1.1.1 [{id=111674358587, createdAt=1681899844234, updatedAt=1681899846599, 1='{type=string, value=7}'}] 7

Develop models to describe the atomic composition of simple molecules and crystals. 

Mass and Heat Transfer MN Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science 8P.3.1.1.1 [{id=111674358587, createdAt=1681899844234, updatedAt=1681899846599, 1='{type=string, value=7}'}] 7 Develop models to describe the atomic composition of simple molecules and crystals. 
Engineering Chemical Cold Pack Reactions MN Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science 8P.3.1.1.2 [{id=111674358587, createdAt=1681899844234, updatedAt=1681899846599, 1='{type=string, value=7}'}] 7

Develop and use a model to describe how the total number of atoms does not change in a chemical reaction and thus mass is conserved. 

Mass and Heat Transfer MN Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science 8P.3.1.1.2 [{id=111674358587, createdAt=1681899844234, updatedAt=1681899846599, 1='{type=string, value=7}'}] 7 Develop and use a model to describe how the total number of atoms does not change in a chemical reaction and thus mass is conserved. 
Chemical Reactions MN Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science 8P.3.1.1.2 [{id=111674358587, createdAt=1681899844234, updatedAt=1681899846599, 1='{type=string, value=7}'}] 7

Develop and use a model to describe how the total number of atoms does not change in a chemical reaction and thus mass is conserved. 

Engineering Speakers MN Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science 8P.3.1.1.3 [{id=111674358587, createdAt=1681899844234, updatedAt=1681899846599, 1='{type=string, value=7}'}] 7

Develop and revise a model to describe that when the arrangement of objects interacting at a distance changes, different amounts of potential energy are stored in the system.

Thermal Energy and Particle Motion MN Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science 8P.3.2.2.1 [{id=111674358587, createdAt=1681899844234, updatedAt=1681899846599, 1='{type=string, value=7}'}] 7

Construct, test and modify a device that either releases or absorbs thermal energy by chemical processes.

Engineering Chemical Cold Pack Reactions MN Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science 8P.3.2.2.1 [{id=111674358587, createdAt=1681899844234, updatedAt=1681899846599, 1='{type=string, value=7}'}] 7

Construct, test and modify a device that either releases or absorbs thermal energy by chemical processes.

Mass and Heat Transfer MN Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science 8P.3.2.2.3 [{id=111674358587, createdAt=1681899844234, updatedAt=1681899846599, 1='{type=string, value=7}'}] 7 Design, construct, and test a device that either minimizes or maximizes thermal energy transfer.
Glacier Motion MN Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science 8P.4.1.1.1 [{id=111674358587, createdAt=1681899844234, updatedAt=1681899846599, 1='{type=string, value=7}'}] 7 Construct and present arguments using evidence to support the claim that gravitational interactions are attractive and depend on the masses of interacting objects.
Fossils and Tectonic Plate Motion MN Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science 8P.4.1.1.1 [{id=111674358587, createdAt=1681899844234, updatedAt=1681899846599, 1='{type=string, value=7}'}] 7 Construct and present arguments using evidence to support the claim that gravitational interactions are attractive and depend on the masses of interacting objects.
Mass, Speed, and Kinetic Energy MN Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science 8P.4.1.1.2 [{id=111674358587, createdAt=1681899844234, updatedAt=1681899846599, 1='{type=string, value=7}'}] 7

Compare and evaluate evidence to support the claim that when the kinetic energy of an object changes, energy is transferred to or from the object.

Engineering Vehicles MN Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science 8P.4.1.1.2 [{id=111674358587, createdAt=1681899844234, updatedAt=1681899846599, 1='{type=string, value=7}'}] 7

Compare and evaluate evidence to support the claim that when the kinetic energy of an object changes, energy is transferred to or from the object.

Thermal Energy and Particle Motion MN Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science 8P.4.1.1.2 [{id=111674358587, createdAt=1681899844234, updatedAt=1681899846599, 1='{type=string, value=7}'}] 7

Compare and evaluate evidence to support the claim that when the kinetic energy of an object changes, energy is transferred to or from the object.

Mass and Heat Transfer MN Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science 8P.4.1.1.2 [{id=111674358587, createdAt=1681899844234, updatedAt=1681899846599, 1='{type=string, value=7}'}] 7 Compare and evaluate evidence to support the claim that when the kinetic energy of an object changes, energy is transferred to or from the object.
Intertidal Zone Temperature Change MN Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science 8P.4.1.1.2 [{id=111674358587, createdAt=1681899844234, updatedAt=1681899846599, 1='{type=string, value=7}'}] 7

Compare and evaluate evidence to support the claim that when the kinetic energy of an object changes, energy is transferred to or from the object.

Natural Resources MN Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science 8P.4.2.1.1 [{id=111674358587, createdAt=1681899844234, updatedAt=1681899846599, 1='{type=string, value=7}'}] 7 Gather and evaluate information from multiple sources to describe that synthetic materials come from natural resources and impact society. 
Engineering Chemical Cold Pack Reactions MN Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science 8P.4.2.1.1 [{id=111674358587, createdAt=1681899844234, updatedAt=1681899846599, 1='{type=string, value=7}'}] 7

Gather and evaluate information from multiple sources to describe that synthetic materials come from natural resources and impact society. 

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Phenomena Based Lessons Aligned to Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science.

Science Lesson : The Rock Cycle
State: MN
Standards: Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science
Performance Expectation: Ask questions to examine an interpretation about the relative ages of different rock layers within a sequence of several rock layers. 
Science Lesson : Climate Analysis
State: MN
Standards: Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science
Performance Expectation: Ask questions to clarify evidence of the factors that have caused the rise in global temperatures over the past century. 
State: MN
Standards: Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science
Performance Expectation: Analyze and interpret data on the distribution of fossils, rocks, continental shapes, and seafloor structures to provide evidence of past plate motions. 
State: MN
Standards: Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science
Performance Expectation:

Analyze and interpret data on natural hazards to forecast future catastrophic events and inform the development of technologies to mitigate their effects.

Science Lesson : Groundwater Flow
State: MN
Standards: Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science
Performance Expectation:

Develop a model, based on observational evidence, to describe the cycling and movement of Earth’s rock material and the energy that drives these processes. 

Science Lesson : The Rock Cycle
State: MN
Standards: Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science
Performance Expectation: Develop a model, based on observational evidence, to describe the cycling and movement of Earth’s rock material and the energy that drives these processes. 
Science Lesson : Natural Resources
State: MN
Standards: Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science
Performance Expectation: Develop a model, based on observational evidence, to describe the cycling and movement of Earth’s rock material and the energy that drives these processes. 
State: MN
Standards: Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science
Performance Expectation: Develop a model, based on observational evidence, to describe the cycling and movement of Earth’s rock material and the energy that drives these processes. 
Science Lesson : Groundwater Flow
State: MN
Standards: Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science
Performance Expectation:

Develop a model, based on observational and experimental evidence, to describe the cycling of water through Earth’s systems driven by energy from the Sun and the force of gravity. 

State: MN
Standards: Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science
Performance Expectation:

Develop a model, based on observational and experimental evidence, to describe the cycling of water through Earth’s systems driven by energy from the Sun and the force of gravity. 

Science Lesson : Climate Analysis
State: MN
Standards: Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science
Performance Expectation: Develop a model, based on observational and experimental evidence, to describe the cycling of water through Earth’s systems driven by energy from the Sun and the force of gravity. 
Science Lesson : Glacier Motion
State: MN
Standards: Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science
Performance Expectation: Develop a model, based on observational and experimental evidence, to describe the cycling of water through Earth’s systems driven by energy from the Sun and the force of gravity. 
State: MN
Standards: Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science
Performance Expectation:

Develop a model, based on observational and experimental evidence, to describe the cycling of water through Earth’s systems driven by energy from the Sun and the force of gravity. 

Science Lesson : The Rock Cycle
State: MN
Standards: Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science
Performance Expectation: Construct a scientific explanation based on evidence from rock strata for how the geologic time scale is used to organize Earth’s 4.6-billion-year-old history.
State: MN
Standards: Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science
Performance Expectation: Construct a scientific explanation based on evidence from rock strata for how the geologic time scale is used to organize Earth’s 4.6-billion-year-old history.
Science Lesson : Mass and Heat Transfer
State: MN
Standards: Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science
Performance Expectation: Construct a scientific explanation based on evidence for how the uneven distribution of Earth’s mineral, energy, or groundwater resources is the result of past geological processes.
Science Lesson : Groundwater Flow
State: MN
Standards: Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science
Performance Expectation:

Construct a scientific explanation based on evidence for how the uneven distribution of Earth’s mineral, energy, or groundwater resources is the result of past geological processes.

State: MN
Standards: Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science
Performance Expectation:

Construct an argument, supported by evidence, for how geoscience processes have changed Earth’s surface at varying time and spatial scales.

State: MN
Standards: Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science
Performance Expectation: Construct an argument, supported by evidence, for how geoscience processes have changed Earth’s surface at varying time and spatial scales.
State: MN
Standards: Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science
Performance Expectation:

Ask questions about the processes and outcomes of various methods of communication between cells of multicellular organisms.

Science Lesson : Reproduction
State: MN
Standards: Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science
Performance Expectation:

Ask questions that arise from careful observations of phenomena or models to clarify and/or seek additional information about how changes in genes can affect organisms.

State: MN
Standards: Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science
Performance Expectation:

Ask questions that arise from careful observations of phenomena or models to clarify and/or seek additional information about how changes in genes can affect organisms.

State: MN
Standards: Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science
Performance Expectation:

Ask questions that arise from careful observations of phenomena or models to clarify and/or seek additional information about how changes in genes can affect organisms.

Science Lesson : The Cell Membrane
State: MN
Standards: Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science
Performance Expectation:

Conduct an investigation to provide evidence that living things are made of cells, either one cell or many different numbers and types of cells.

State: MN
Standards: Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science
Performance Expectation:

Conduct an investigation to provide evidence that living things are made of cells, either one cell or many different numbers and types of cells.

State: MN
Standards: Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science
Performance Expectation:

Conduct an investigation to provide evidence that living things are made of cells, either one cell or many different numbers and types of cells.

State: MN
Standards: Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science
Performance Expectation:

Conduct an investigation to provide evidence that living things are made of cells, either one cell or many different numbers and types of cells.

State: MN
Standards: Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science
Performance Expectation:

Conduct an investigation to provide evidence that living things are made of cells, either one cell or many different numbers and types of cells.

State: MN
Standards: Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science
Performance Expectation: Analyze and interpret data for patterns in the fossil record that document the existence, diversity, extinction, and change of life forms throughout the history of life on Earth. 
Science Lesson : Food and Energy
State: MN
Standards: Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science
Performance Expectation:

Develop and use a model to describe the function of a cell as a whole and describe the way cell parts contribute to the cell’s function. 

State: MN
Standards: Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science
Performance Expectation:

Develop and use a model to describe the function of a cell as a whole and describe the way cell parts contribute to the cell’s function. 

State: MN
Standards: Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science
Performance Expectation:

Develop and use a model to describe the function of a cell as a whole and describe the way cell parts contribute to the cell’s function. 

State: MN
Standards: Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science
Performance Expectation:

Develop and use a model to describe the function of a cell as a whole and describe the way cell parts contribute to the cell’s function. 

Science Lesson : The Cell Membrane
State: MN
Standards: Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science
Performance Expectation:

Develop and use a model to describe the function of a cell as a whole and describe the way cell parts contribute to the cell’s function. 

Science Lesson : Food and Energy
State: MN
Standards: Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science
Performance Expectation:

Develop and use a model to describe how food is rearranged through chemical reactions forming new molecules that support growth and/or release energy as this matter moves through an organism.

Science Lesson : Rocky Shore Ecosystems
State: MN
Standards: Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science
Performance Expectation:

Develop and use a model to describe the cycling of matter and flow of energy among living and nonliving parts of an ecosystem. 

State: MN
Standards: Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science
Performance Expectation:

Develop and use a model to describe the cycling of matter and flow of energy among living and nonliving parts of an ecosystem. 

Science Lesson : Reproduction
State: MN
Standards: Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science
Performance Expectation:

Develop and use a model to describe why asexual reproduction results in offspring with identical genetic information and sexual reproduction results in offspring with genetic variation. 

State: MN
Standards: Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science
Performance Expectation:

Construct an explanation based on evidence for the role of photosynthesis in the cycling of matter and flow of energy into and out of organisms. 

Science Lesson : Rocky Shore Ecosystems
State: MN
Standards: Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science
Performance Expectation:

Construct an explanation based on evidence for the role of photosynthesis in the cycling of matter and flow of energy into and out of organisms. 

Science Lesson : Food and Energy
State: MN
Standards: Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science
Performance Expectation:

Construct an explanation based on evidence for the role of photosynthesis in the cycling of matter and flow of energy into and out of organisms. 

Science Lesson : Sea Star Structures
State: MN
Standards: Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science
Performance Expectation:

Support or refute an explanation by arguing from evidence and scientific reasoning for how animal behavior and plant structures affect the probability of successful reproduction. 

State: MN
Standards: Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science
Performance Expectation:

Support or refute an explanation by arguing from evidence and scientific reasoning for how animal behavior and plant structures affect the probability of successful reproduction. 

Science Lesson : Reproduction
State: MN
Standards: Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science
Performance Expectation:

Support or refute an explanation by arguing from evidence and scientific reasoning for how animal behavior and plant structures affect the probability of successful reproduction. 

Science Lesson : Food and Energy
State: MN
Standards: Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science
Performance Expectation:

Support or refute an explanation by arguing from evidence and scientific reasoning for how animal behavior and plant structures affect the probability of successful reproduction. 

Science Lesson : Rocky Shore Ecosystems
State: MN
Standards: Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science
Performance Expectation:

Construct an argument supported by empirical evidence that changes in physical or biological components of an ecosystem affect populations.

State: MN
Standards: Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science
Performance Expectation:

Construct an argument supported by empirical evidence that changes in physical or biological components of an ecosystem affect populations.

State: MN
Standards: Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science
Performance Expectation:

Evaluate competing design solutions for maintaining biodiversity or ecosystem services.

Science Lesson : Chemical Reactions
State: MN
Standards: Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science
Performance Expectation:

Ask questions about locations of common elements on the periodic table to note patterns in the properties of similarly grouped elements. 

Science Lesson : Engineering Speakers
State: MN
Standards: Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science
Performance Expectation:

Ask questions about data to determine the factors that affect the strength of electric and magnetic forces. 

Science Lesson : Communication Systems
State: MN
Standards: Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science
Performance Expectation:

Ask questions about data to determine the factors that affect the strength of electric and magnetic forces. 

State: MN
Standards: Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science
Performance Expectation:

Plan and conduct an investigation of changes in pure substances when thermal energy is added or removed and relate those changes to particle motion.

State: MN
Standards: Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science
Performance Expectation:

Plan and conduct an investigation of changes in pure substances when thermal energy is added or removed and relate those changes to particle motion.

Science Lesson : Forces and Motion
State: MN
Standards: Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science
Performance Expectation:

Plan and conduct an investigation to provide evidence that the change in an object’s motion depends on the sum of the forces on the object and the mass of the object. 

State: MN
Standards: Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science
Performance Expectation:

Plan and conduct an investigation to provide evidence that the change in an object’s motion depends on the sum of the forces on the object and the mass of the object.

Science Lesson : Engineering Vehicles
State: MN
Standards: Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science
Performance Expectation:

Plan and conduct an investigation to provide evidence that the change in an object’s motion depends on the sum of the forces on the object and the mass of the object. 

Science Lesson : Communication Systems
State: MN
Standards: Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science
Performance Expectation:

Conduct an investigation and evaluate the experimental design to provide evidence that fields exist between objects exerting forces on each other even though the objects are not in contact. 

Science Lesson : Engineering Speakers
State: MN
Standards: Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science
Performance Expectation:

Conduct an investigation and evaluate the experimental design to provide evidence that fields exist between objects exerting forces on each other even though the objects are not in contact. 

State: MN
Standards: Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science
Performance Expectation:

Plan and conduct an investigation to determine how the temperature of a substance is affected by the transfer of energy, the amount of mass, and the type of matter.

State: MN
Standards: Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science
Performance Expectation:

Plan and conduct an investigation to determine how the temperature of a substance is affected by the transfer of energy, the amount of mass, and the type of matter.

Science Lesson : Chemical Reactions
State: MN
Standards: Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science
Performance Expectation:

Plan and conduct an investigation to determine how the temperature of a substance is affected by the transfer of energy, the amount of mass, and the type of matter.

Science Lesson : Mass and Heat Transfer
State: MN
Standards: Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science
Performance Expectation: Plan and conduct an investigation to determine how the temperature of a substance is affected by the transfer of energy, the amount of mass, and the type of matter.
State: MN
Standards: Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science
Performance Expectation:

Plan and conduct an investigation to determine how the temperature of a substance is affected by the transfer of energy, the amount of mass, and the type of matter.

Science Lesson : Mass and Heat Transfer
State: MN
Standards: Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science
Performance Expectation: Analyze and interpret data on the properties of substances before and after the substances interact to determine if a chemical reaction has occurred.
Science Lesson : Chemical Reactions
State: MN
Standards: Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science
Performance Expectation:

Analyze and interpret data on the properties of substances before and after the substances interact to determine if a chemical reaction has occurred.

State: MN
Standards: Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science
Performance Expectation:

Analyze and interpret data on the properties of substances before and after the substances interact to determine if a chemical reaction has occurred.

Science Lesson : Forces and Motion
State: MN
Standards: Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science
Performance Expectation:

Construct and interpret graphical displays of data to describe the relationship of kinetic energy to the mass and speed of an object.

State: MN
Standards: Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science
Performance Expectation:

Construct and interpret graphical displays of data to describe the relationship of kinetic energy to the mass and speed of an object.

Science Lesson : Engineering Vehicles
State: MN
Standards: Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science
Performance Expectation:

Construct and interpret graphical displays of data to describe the relationship of kinetic energy to the mass and speed of an object.

Science Lesson : Chemical Reactions
State: MN
Standards: Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science
Performance Expectation:

Develop models to describe the atomic composition of simple molecules and crystals. 

Science Lesson : Mass and Heat Transfer
State: MN
Standards: Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science
Performance Expectation: Develop models to describe the atomic composition of simple molecules and crystals. 
State: MN
Standards: Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science
Performance Expectation:

Develop and use a model to describe how the total number of atoms does not change in a chemical reaction and thus mass is conserved. 

Science Lesson : Mass and Heat Transfer
State: MN
Standards: Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science
Performance Expectation: Develop and use a model to describe how the total number of atoms does not change in a chemical reaction and thus mass is conserved. 
Science Lesson : Chemical Reactions
State: MN
Standards: Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science
Performance Expectation:

Develop and use a model to describe how the total number of atoms does not change in a chemical reaction and thus mass is conserved. 

Science Lesson : Engineering Speakers
State: MN
Standards: Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science
Performance Expectation:

Develop and revise a model to describe that when the arrangement of objects interacting at a distance changes, different amounts of potential energy are stored in the system.

State: MN
Standards: Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science
Performance Expectation:

Construct, test and modify a device that either releases or absorbs thermal energy by chemical processes.

State: MN
Standards: Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science
Performance Expectation:

Construct, test and modify a device that either releases or absorbs thermal energy by chemical processes.

Science Lesson : Mass and Heat Transfer
State: MN
Standards: Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science
Performance Expectation: Design, construct, and test a device that either minimizes or maximizes thermal energy transfer.
Science Lesson : Glacier Motion
State: MN
Standards: Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science
Performance Expectation: Construct and present arguments using evidence to support the claim that gravitational interactions are attractive and depend on the masses of interacting objects.
State: MN
Standards: Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science
Performance Expectation: Construct and present arguments using evidence to support the claim that gravitational interactions are attractive and depend on the masses of interacting objects.
State: MN
Standards: Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science
Performance Expectation:

Compare and evaluate evidence to support the claim that when the kinetic energy of an object changes, energy is transferred to or from the object.

Science Lesson : Engineering Vehicles
State: MN
Standards: Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science
Performance Expectation:

Compare and evaluate evidence to support the claim that when the kinetic energy of an object changes, energy is transferred to or from the object.

State: MN
Standards: Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science
Performance Expectation:

Compare and evaluate evidence to support the claim that when the kinetic energy of an object changes, energy is transferred to or from the object.

Science Lesson : Mass and Heat Transfer
State: MN
Standards: Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science
Performance Expectation: Compare and evaluate evidence to support the claim that when the kinetic energy of an object changes, energy is transferred to or from the object.
State: MN
Standards: Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science
Performance Expectation:

Compare and evaluate evidence to support the claim that when the kinetic energy of an object changes, energy is transferred to or from the object.

Science Lesson : Natural Resources
State: MN
Standards: Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science
Performance Expectation: Gather and evaluate information from multiple sources to describe that synthetic materials come from natural resources and impact society. 
State: MN
Standards: Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science
Performance Expectation:

Gather and evaluate information from multiple sources to describe that synthetic materials come from natural resources and impact society. 

This guide shows how KnowAtom’s K-8 integrated model of NGSS-designed curriculum is aligned with Minnesota’s K-8 Academic Standards in Science.
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Other State Standards

Standards citation: NGSS Lead States. 2013. Next Generation Science Standards: For States, By States. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. Neither WestEd nor the lead states and partners that developed the Next Generation Science Standards were involved in the production of this product, and do not endorse it.