Properties of Matter

In this lesson, students design and carry out an experiment to compare the masses of equal volumes of gravel and sand. The purpose of this first lab is to introduce students to the scientific process through a simple experiment in which they engage with the science and engineering practices in the context of matter and its properties. 

• Science is the search for explanations about the natural world. Scientists follow a scientific process that provides a systematic, logical framework for investigating the answers to their questions.  
• Both science and engineering are part of the STEM (science, technology, engineering, and math) cycle. They are connected and interact with one another, but they are also different. Science always begins with a question, while engineering begins with a problem that needs to be solved.
• Matter is everything that has mass and takes up space. This means that all matter is made up of atoms, which are the smallest pieces of matter that have the properties of an element. An element is a substance made up entirely of one kind of atom.
• Matter has different properties— observable and measurable characteristics of matter. A substance’s properties depend on the number and kind of atoms that make it up.
  
  

• Why is evidence important in science and how do scientists gather evidence?
• Why are data important in an experiment?
• Why does each element have a unique set of properties?
• Which properties can be used to describe gravel?
• Which properties can be used to describe sand?
• Why is mass an example of a property?  
• What makes a substance more massive than another substance?

Atom: the smallest piece of matter that has the properties of an element; a combination of three subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons

Mass: a measure of the amount of matter that makes up an object; measured in grams (g)

Matter : everything that has mass and takes up space

Property: an observable or measurable characteristic of matter

Scale:  the size, extent, or importance (magnitude) of something relative to something else

Science:  all knowledge gained from experiments

Volume: a measure of how much space an object or substance takes up; measured in cubic meters (m3) or liters (l)

Weight:  a gravitational force exerted on an object by a planet or moon; measured in newtons (N)

Matter in Space

Whether in space or on Earth, all matter shares certain characteristics. Matter is everything that has mass and takes up space. Both nonliving things and living things are made up of matter. Even though atoms make up both living and nonliving things, atoms are not alive. The space station is matter. The zebrafish are matter, as is the water they live in. Astronauts are also made of matter.

All matter is made up of tiny parts that are too small to be seen. These parts are called atoms. An atom is the smallest piece of matter that has the properties of an element.

An element is a substance entirely made up of one kind of atom. Oxygen is an element. Hydrogen is another element. There are 118 different kinds of elements. Elements have unique properties because of the kinds of atoms that make them up.

Many billions of atoms make up even a single grain of sand. For example, think about a grapefruit. If each atom in the grapefruit were the size of a blueberry, the grapefruit would have to be the size of Earth.

There are so many atoms in just one grapefruit that they are impossible to count. Imagine having to fill up the entire planet with blueberries. That’s about how many atoms are in one grapefruit.

Atoms themselves are made up of smaller particles, called protons, neutrons, and electrons. These smaller particles are much smaller than the atom itself. Because atoms are so tiny, scientists use scale to better understand the size of an atom, its smaller parts, and how it relates to everyday substances. Scale is the size, extent, or importance (magnitude) of something relative to something else.

For example, the protons and neutrons group together in the atom’s core. The core is called the nucleus. If the atom is the size of a blueberry and you open the blueberry up, the nucleus would be too small to see.

If you were to make the blueberry the size of a football field, you would just be able to see the nucleus. It would be the size of a small marble. The electrons are much smaller than the protons and neutrons. They are in constant motion around the nucleus. However, most of the atom is filled with empty space. There are huge amounts of space between each of the electrons and between the electrons and the nucleus.

 

For the hands-on activity of this lesson, students investigate the masses of equal volumes of gravel and sand, analyzing the data for patterns in the measurements. Student teams compare their results with other groups to highlight similarities and/or differences in the masses. Finally, students use the data to either support or reject their hypothesis about how the mass of gravel compares to the mass of sand.